<script>
    $(function () {
        $.ajaxSetup({
            headers: {
                'X-CSRF-TOKEN': $('meta[name="csrf-token"]').attr('content')
            }
        });
        $("#register").validate({
            rules: {
                name: {
                    required: true,
                    rangelength: [4, 30],
                    remote: {
                        url: "{{ url('services/validation/verify_name') }}",
                        type: "post",
                        data:{
                            name:function(){
                                return $("input[name='name']").val();
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            },
            errorClass: "has-danger",
            validClass: "has-success",
            //success: "valid",

            highlight: function (element, errorClass) {
                $(element).fadeOut(function () {
                    $(element).fadeIn();
                });
                $(element).closest(".form-group").addClass(errorClass);
            },
            unhighlight: function (element, errorClass) {
                $(element).closest(".form-group").removeClass(errorClass);
            },
            errorPlacement: function (error, element) {
                error.insertAfter(element);
            }
        });
    });
</script>

你前端代码是不是忘了post数据到后台？
data:{

name:function(){
    return $("input[name='name']").val();
}

}